DECREE CONCERNING THE PASTORAL OFFICE OF BISHOPS
IN THE CHURCH CHRISTUS DOMINUS PROCLAIMED BY HIS HOLINESS,
POPE PAUL VI ON OCTOBER 28, 1965
PREFACE
1. Christ the Lord, Son of the living God, came that He might save His people
from their sins(1) and that all men might be sanctified. Just as He Himself was
sent by the Father, so He also sent His Apostles.(2) Therefore, He sanctified
them, conferring on them the Holy Spirit, so that they also might glorify the
Father upon earth and save men, "to the building up of the body of Christ" (Eph.
4:12), which is the Church.
2. In this Church of Christ the Roman pontiff, as the successor of Peter, to
whom Christ entrusted the feeding of His sheep and lambs, enjoys supreme, full,
immediate, and universal authority over the care of souls by divine institution.
Therefore, as pastor of all the faithful, he is sent to provide for the common
good of the universal Church and for the good of the individual churches. Hence,
he holds a primacy of ordinary power over all the churches.
The bishops themselves, however, having been appointed by the Holy Spirit,
are successors of the Apostles as pastors of souls.(3) Together with the supreme
pontiff and under his authority they are sent to continue throughout the ages
the work of Christ, the eternal pastor.(4) Christ gave the Apostles and their
successors the command and the power to teach all nations, to hallow men in the
truth, and to feed them. Bishops, therefore, have been made true and authentic
teachers of the faith, pontiffs, and pastors through the Holy Spirit, who has
been given to them.(5)
3. Bishops, sharing in the solicitude for all the churches, exercise this
episcopal office of theirs, which they have received through episcopal
consecration,(6) in communion with and under the authority of the supreme
pontiff. As far as their teaching authority and pastoral government are
concerned, all are united in a college or body with respect to the universal
Church of God.
They exercise this office individually in reference to the portions of the
Lord's flock assigned to them, each one taking care of the particular church
committed to him, or sometimes some of them jointly providing for certain common
needs of various churches.
This sacred synod, therefore, attentive to the conditions of human
association which have brought about a new order of things in our time,(7)
intends to determine more exactly the pastoral office of bishops and, therefore,
has decreed the things that follow.
CHAPTER I
THE RELATIONSHIP OF BISHOPS TO THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH
I. The Role of the Bishops in the Universal Church
4. By virtue of sacramental consecration and hierarchical communion with the
head and members of the college, bishops are constituted as members of the
episcopal body.(1) "The order of bishops is the successor to the college of the
apostles in teaching and pastoral direction, or rather, in the episcopal order,
the apostolic body continues without a break. Together with its head, the Roman
pontiff, and never without this head it exists as the subject of supreme,
plenary power over the universal Church. But this power cannot be exercised
except with the agreement of the Roman pontiff."(2) This power however, "is
exercised in a solemn manner in an ecumenical council."(3) Therefore, this
sacred synod decrees that all bishops who are members of the episcopal college,
have the right to be present at an ecumenical council.
"The exercise of this collegiate power in union with the pope is possible
although the bishops are stationed all over the world, provided that the head of
the college gives them a call to collegiate action, or, at least, gives the
unified action of the dispersed bishops such approval, or such unconstrained
acceptance, that it becomes truly collegiate action."(4)
5. Bishops chosen from various parts of the world, in ways and manners
established or to be established by the Roman pontiff, render more effective
assistance to the supreme pastor of the Church in a deliberative body which will
be called by the proper name of Synod of Bishops.(5) Since it shall be acting in
the name of the entire Catholic episcopate, it will at the same time show that
all the bishops in hierarchical communion partake of the solicitude for the
universal Church.(6)
6. As legitimate successors of the Apostles and members of the episcopal
college, bishops should realize that they are bound together and should manifest
a concern for all the churches. For by divine institution and the rule of the
apostolic office each one together with all the other bishops is responsible for
the Church.(7) They should especially be concerned about those parts of the
world where the word of God has not yet been proclaimed or where the faithful,
particularly because of the small number of priests, are in danger of departing
from the precepts of the Christian life, and even of losing the faith itself.
Let bishops, therefore, make every effort to have the faithful actively
support and promote works of evangelization and the apostolate. Let them strive,
moreover, to see to it that suitable sacred ministers as well as auxiliaries,
both religious and lay, be prepared for the missions and other areas suffering
from a lack of clergy. They should also see to it, as much as possible, that
some of their own priests go to the above-mentioned missions or dioceses to
exercise the sacred ministry there either permanently or for a set period of
time.
Bishops should also be mindful, in administering ecclesiastical property, of
the needs not only of their own dioceses but also of the other particular
churches, for they are also a part of the one Church of Christ. Finally, they
should direct their attention, according to their means, to the relief of
disasters by which other dioceses and regions are affected.
7. Let them especially embrace in brotherly affection those bishops who, for
the sake of Christ, are plagued with slander and indigence, detained in prisons,
or held back from their ministry. They should take an active brotherly interest
in them so that their sufferings may be assuaged and alleviated through the
prayers and good works of their confreres.
II. Bishops and the Apostolic See
8. (a) To bishops, as successors of the Apostles, in the dioceses entrusted
to them, there belongs per se all the ordinary, proper, and immediate authority
which is required for the exercise of their pastoral office. But this never in
any way infringes upon the power which the Roman pontiff has, by virtue of his
office, of reserving cases to himself or to some other authority.
(b) The general law of the Church grants the faculty to each diocesan bishop
to dispense, in a particular case, the faithful over whom they legally exercise
authority as often as they judge that it contributes to their spiritual welfare,
except in those cases which have been especially reserved by the supreme
authority of the Church.
9. In exercising supreme, full, and immediate power in the universal Church,
the Roman pontiff makes use of the departments of the Roman Curia which,
therefore, perform their duties in his name and with his authority for the good
of the churches and in the service of the sacred pastors.
The fathers of this sacred council, however, desire that these
departments-which have furnished distinguished assistance to the Roman pontiff
and the pastors of the Church-be reorganized and better adapted to the needs of
the times, regions, and rites especially as regards their number, name,
competence and peculiar method of' procedure, as well as the coordination of
work among them.(8) The fathers also desire that, in view of the very nature of
the pastoral office proper to the bishops, the office of legates of the Roman
pontiff be more precisely determined.
10. Furthermore, since these departments are established for the good of the
universal Church, it is desirable that their members, officials, and consultors
as well as legates of the Roman pontiff be more widely taken from various
regions of the Church, insofar as it is possible. In such a way the offices and
central organs of the Catholic Church will exhibit a truly universal character.
It is also desired that some bishops, too-especially diocesan bishops-will be
chosen as members of the departments, for they will be able to report more fully
to the supreme pontiff the thinking, the desires, and the needs of all the
churches.
Finally, the fathers of the council think it would be most advantageous if
these same departments would listen more attentively to laymen who are
outstanding for their virtue, knowledge, and experience. In such a way they will
have an appropriate share in Church affairs.
CHAPTER II
BISHOPS AND THEIR PARTICULAR CHURCHES OR DIOCESES
I. Diocesan Bishops
11. A diocese is a portion of the people of God which is entrusted to a
bishop to be shepherded by him with the cooperation of the presbytery. Thus by
adhering to its pastor and gathered together by him through the Gospel and the
Eucharist in the Holy Spirit, it constitutes a particular church in which the
one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and
operative.
Individual bishops who have been entrusted with the care of a particular
church-under the authority of the supreme pontiff-feed their sheep in the name
of the Lord as their own, ordinary, and immediate pastors, performing for them
the office of teaching, sanctifying, and governing. Nevertheless, they should
recognize the rights which legitimately belong to patriarchs or other
hierarchical authorities.(1)
Bishops should dedicate themselves to their apostolic office as witness of
Christ before all men. They should not only look after those who already follow
the Prince of Pastors but should also wholeheartedly devote themselves to those
who have strayed in any way from the path of truth or are ignorant of the Gospel
of Christ and His saving mercy until finally all men walk "in all goodness and
justice and truth" (Eph. 5:9).
12. In exercising their duty of teaching-which is conspicuous among the
principal duties of bishops(2)-they should announce the Gospel of Christ to men,
calling them to a faith in the power of the Spirit or confirming them in a
living faith. They should expound the whole mystery of Christ to them, namely,
those truths the ignorance of which is ignorance of Christ. At the same time
they should point out the divinely revealed way to give glory to God and thereby
to attain to eternal happiness.(3)
They should show, moreover, that earthly goods and human institutions
according to the plan of God the Creator are also disposed for man's salvation
and therefore can contribute much to the building up of the body of Christ.
Therefore, they should teach, according to the doctrine of the Church, the
great value of these things: the human person with his freedom and bodily life,
the family and its unity and stability, the procreation and education of
children, civil society with its laws and professions, labor and leisure, the
arts and technical inventions, poverty and affluence. Finally, they should set
forth the ways by which are to be answered the most serious questions concerning
the ownership, increase, and just distribution of material goods, peace and war,
and brotherly relations among all countries.(4)
13. The bishops should present Christian doctrine in a manner adapted to the
needs of the times, that is to say, in a manner that will respond to the
difficulties and questions by which people are especially burdened and troubled.
They should also guard that doctrine, teaching the faithful to defend and
propagate it. In propounding this doctrine they should manifest the maternal
solicitude of the Church toward all men whether they be believers or not. With a
special affection they should attend upon the poor and the lower classes to whom
the Lord sent them to preach the Gospel.
Since it is the mission of the Church to converse with the human society in
which it lives,(5) it is especially the duty of bishops to seek out men and both
request and promote dialogue with them. These conversations on salvation ought
to be noted for clarity of speech as well as humility and mildness in order that
at all times truth may be joined to charity and understanding with love.
Likewise they should be noted for due prudence joined with trust, which fosters
friendship and thus is capable of bringing about a union of minds.(6)
They should also strive to make use of the various media at hand nowadays for
proclaiming Christian doctrine, namely, first of all, preaching and catechetical
instruction which always hold the first place, then the presentation of this
doctrine in schools, academies, conferences, and meetings of every kind, and
finally its dissemination through public statements at times of outstanding
events as well as by the press and various other media of communication, which
by all means ought to be used in proclaiming the Gospel of Christ.(7)
14. Bishops should take pains that catechetical instruction-which is intended
to make the faith, as illumined by teaching, a vital, explicit and effective
force in the lives of men-be given with sedulous care to both children and
adolescents, youths and adults. In this instruction a suitable arrangement
should be observed as well as a method suited to the matter that is being
treated and to the character, ability, age, and circumstances of the life of the
students. Finally, they should see to it that this instruction is based on
Sacred Scripture, tradition, the liturgy, magisterium, and life of the Church.
Moreover, they should take care that catechists be properly trained for their
function so that they will be thoroughly acquainted with the doctrine of the
Church and will have both a theoretical and a practical knowledge of the laws of
psychology and of pedagogical methods.
Bishops should also strive to renew or at least adapt in a better way the
instruction of adult catechumens.
15. In exercising their office of sanctifying, bishops should be mindful that
they have been taken from among men and appointed their representative before
God in order to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. Bishops enjoy the fullness
of the sacrament of orders and both presbyters and deacons are dependent upon
them in the exercise of their authority. For the presbyters are the prudent
fellow workers of the episcopal order and are themselves consecrated as true
priests of the New Testament, just as deacons are ordained for the ministry and
serve the people of God in communion with the bishop and his presbytery.
Therefore bishops are the principal dispensers of the mysteries of God, as well
as being the governors, promoters, and guardians of the entire liturgical life
in the church committed to them.(8)
They should, therefore, constantly exert themselves to have the faithful know
and live the paschal mystery more deeply through the Eucharist and thus become a
firmly-knit body in the unity of the charity of Christ.(9) "Intent upon prayer
and the ministry of the word" (Acts 6:4), they should devote their labor to this
end that all those committed to their care may be of one mind in prayer(10) and
through the reception of the sacraments may grow in grace and be faithful
witnesses to the Lord.
As those who lead others to perfection, bishops should be diligent in
fostering holiness among their clerics, religious, and laity according to the
special vocation of each.(11) They should also be mindful of their obligation to
give an example of holiness in charity, humility, and simplicity of life. Let
them so hallow the churches entrusted to them that the feeling of the universal
Church of Christ may shine forth fully in them. For that reason they should
foster priestly and religious vocations as much as possible, and should take a
special interest in missionary vocations.
16. In exercising their office of father and pastor, bishops should stand in
the midst of their people as those who serve.(12) Let them be good shepherds who
know their sheep and whose sheep know them. Let them be true fathers who excel
in the spirit of love and solicitude for all and to whose divinely conferred
authority all gratefully submit themselves. Let them so gather and mold the
whole family of their flock that everyone, conscious of his own duties, may live
and work in the communion of love.
In order effectively to accomplish these things, bishops, "ready for every
good work" (2 Tim. 2:21) and "enduring all things for the sake of the chosen
ones" (2 Tim. 2:10), should arrange their life in such a way as to accommodate
it to the needs of our times.
Bishops should always embrace priests with a special love since the latter to
the best of their ability assume the bishops' anxieties and carry them on day by
day so zealously. They should regard the priests as sons and friends(13) and be
ready to listen to them. Through their trusting familiarity with their priests
they should strive to promote the whole pastoral work of the entire diocese.
They should be solicitous for the spiritual, intellectual and material
welfare of the priests so that the latter can live holy and pious lives and
fulfill their ministry faithfully and fruitfully. Therefore, they should
encourage institutes and hold special meetings in which priests might gather
from time to time both for the performance of longer exercises and the renewal
of their spiritual life and for the acquisition of deeper subjects, especially
Sacred Scripture and theology, the more important social questions, and the new
methods of pastoral activity.
With active mercy bishops should pursue priests who are involved in any
danger or who have failed in certain respects.
In order to be able to look more closely to the welfare of the faithful
according to the condition of each one, bishops should strive to become duly
acquainted with their needs in the social circumstances in which they live.
Therefore, they ought to employ suitable methods, especially social research.
They should manifest their concern for everyone, no matter what their age,
condition, or nationality, be they natives, strangers, or foreigners. In
exercising this pastoral care they should preserve for their faithful the share
proper to them in Church affairs; they should also respect their duty and right
of actively collaborating in the building up of the Mystical Body of Christ.
They should deal lovingly with the separated brethren, urging the faithful
also to conduct themselves with great kindness and charity in their regard and
fostering ecumenism as it is understood by the Church.(14) They should also have
a place in their hearts for the non-baptized so that upon them too there may
shine the charity of Christ Jesus, to whom the bishops are witnesses before all
men.
17. Various forms of the apostolate should be encouraged, and in the whole
diocese or in any particular areas of it the coordination and close connection
of all apostolic works should be fostered under the direction of the bishop.
Thus all undertakings and organizations, be they catechetical, missionary,
charitable, social, familial, educational, or anything else pursuing a pastoral
aim, should be directed toward harmonious action. Thus at the same time the
unity of the diocese will also be made more evident.
The faithful should be earnestly urged to assume their duty of carrying on
the apostolate, each according to his state in life and ability. They should be
admonished to participate in and give aid to the various works of the apostolate
of the laity, especially Catholic Action. Those associations should also be
promoted and supported which either directly or indirectly pursue a supernatural
objective, that is, either the attaining of a more perfect life, the spreading
of the Gospel of Christ to all men, and the promoting of Christian doctrine or
the increase of public worship, or the pursuing of social aims or the performing
of works of piety and charity.
The forms of the apostolate should be properly adapted to the needs of the
present day with regard not only for man's spiritual and moral circumstances but
also for his social, demographic, and economic conditions. Religious and social
research, through offices of pastoral sociology, contributes much to the
efficacious and fruitful attainment of that goal, and it is highly recommended.
18. Special concern should be shown for those among the faithful who, on
account of their way of life, cannot sufficiently make use of the common and
ordinary pastoral care of parish priests or are quite cut off from it. Among
this group are the majority of migrants, exiles and refugees, seafarers,
air-travelers, gypsies, and others of this kind. Suitable pastoral methods
should also be promoted to sustain the spiritual life of those who go to other
lands for a time for the sake of recreation.
Episcopal conferences, especially national ones, should pay special attention
to the very pressing problems concerning the above-mentioned groups. Through
voluntary agreement and united efforts, they should look to and promote their
spiritual care by means of suitable methods and institutions. They should also
bear in mind the special rules either already laid down or to be laid down by
the Apostolic See(15) which can be wisely adapted to the circumstances of time,
place, and persons.
19. In discharging their apostolic office, which concerns the salvation of
souls, bishops per se enjoy full and perfect freedom and independence from any
civil authority. Hence, the exercise of their ecclesiastical office may not be
hindered, directly or indirectly, nor may they be forbidden to communicate
freely with the Apostolic See, or ecclesiastical authorities, or their subjects.
Assuredly, while sacred pastors devote themselves to the spiritual care of
their flock, they also in fact have regard for their social and civil progress
and prosperity. According to the nature of their office and as behooves bishops,
they collaborate actively with public authorities for this purpose and advocate
obedience to just laws and reverence for legitimately constituted authorities.
20. Since the apostolic office of bishops was instituted by Christ the Lord
and pursues a spiritual and supernatural purpose, this sacred ecumenical synod
declares that the right of nominating and appointing bishops belongs properly,
peculiarly, and per se exclusively to the competent ecclesiastical authority.
Therefore, for the purpose of duly protecting the freedom of the Church and
of promoting more conveniently and efficiently the welfare of the faithful, this
holy council desires that in future no more rights or privileges of election,
nomination, presentation, or designation for the office of bishop be granted to
civil authorities. The civil authorities, on the other hand, whose favorable
attitude toward the Church the sacred synod gratefully acknowledges and highly
appreciates, are most kindly requested voluntarily to renounce the
above-mentioned rights and privileges which they presently enjoy by reason of a
treaty or custom, after discussing the matter with the Apostolic See.
21. Since the pastoral office of bishops is so important and weighty,
diocesan bishops and others regarded in law as their equals, who have become
less capable of fulfilling their duties properly because of the increasing
burden of age or some other serious reason, are earnestly requested to offer
their resignation from office either at their own initiative or upon the
invitation of the competent authority. If the competent authority should accept
the resignation, it will make provision both for the suitable support of those
who have resigned and for special rights to be accorded them.
II. Diocesan Boundaries
22. For a diocese to fulfill its purpose the nature of the Church must be
clearly evident to the people of God who constitute that diocese. To this end
also bishops must be able to carry out their pastoral duties effectively among
their people. Finally, the welfare of the people of God must be served as
perfectly as possible.
All this demands, then, a proper determination of the boundaries of dioceses
and a distribution of clergy and resources that is reasonable and in keeping
with the needs of the apostolate. All these things will benefit not only the
clergy and Christian people involved, but also the entire Catholic Church.
Concerning diocesan boundaries, therefore, this sacred synod decrees that, to
the extent required by the good of souls, a fitting revision of diocesan
boundaries be undertaken prudently and as soon as possible. This can be done by
dividing dismembering or uniting them, or by changing their boundaries, or by
determining a better place for the episcopal see or, finally, especially in the
case of dioceses having larger cities, by providing them with a new internal
organization.
23. In revising diocesan boundaries first place must be accorded to organic
unity of each diocese, with due regard to the personnel, the offices and
institutions, which form, as it were, a living body. In individual cases all
circumstances should be carefully studied and the general criteria which follow
should be kept in mind.
1.) In determining a diocesan boundary, as far as possible consideration
should be given the variety in composition of the people of God, for this can
contribute greatly to a more effective exercise of the pastoral office. At the
same time the natural population units of people, together with the civil
jurisdictions and social institutions that compose their organic structure,
should be preserved as far as possible as units. For this reason, obviously, the
territory of each diocese should be continuous.
Attention should also be given, if necessary, to civil boundaries and the
special characteristics of regions and peoples, such as their psychological,
economic, geographic and historical backgrounds.
2.) The extent of the diocese and the number of its inhabitants should
generally be such that, on the one hand, the bishop himself- even though
assisted by others-can officiate at pontifical functions, make pastoral
visitations, faithfully direct and coordinate all the works of the apostolate in
the diocese and know well especially his priests, and also the religious and lay
people who are engaged in diocesan projects. On the other hand, an adequate and
suitable area should be provided so that bishop and clergy, mindful also of the
needs of the universal Church, can usefully devote all their energies to the
ministry.
3.) Finally, in order that the ministry of salvation be more effectively
carried out in each diocese, it should be considered a general rule that each
diocese have clergy, in number and qualifications at least sufficient, for the
proper care of the people of God; also, there should be no lack of the offices,
institutions and organizations which are proper to the particular church and
which experience has shown necessary for its efficient government and
apostolate; finally, resources for the support of personnel and institutions
should be at hand or at least prudently foreseen in prospect.
For this same purpose, where there are faithful of a different rite, the
diocesan bishop should provide for their spiritual needs either through priests
or parishes of that rite or through an episcopal vicar endowed with the
necessary faculties. Wherever it is fitting, the last named should also have
episcopal rank. Otherwise the Ordinary himself may perform the office of an
Ordinary of different rites. If for certain reasons, these prescriptions are not
applicable in the judgment of the Apostolic See, then a proper hierarchy for the
different rites is to be established.(16)
Also, where similar situations exist, provision should be made for the
faithful of different language groups, either through priests or parishes of the
same language, or through an episcopal vicar well versed in the language-and if
needs be having the episcopal dignity- or at least in some other more
appropriate way.
24. In order to bring about the changes and alterations of dioceses as set
forth in numbers 22-23-and leaving untouched the discipline of the Oriental
Churches-it is desirable that the competent episcopal conferences examine these
matters each for its respective territory. If deemed opportune, they may employ
a special episcopal commission for this purpose, but always taking into account
the opinions of the bishops of the provinces or regions concerned. Finally, they
are to propose their recommendations and desires to the Apostolic See.
III. Assistants in the Pastoral Office of the Diocesan Bishops
1. Coadjutor and auxiliary bishops
25. The pastoral office of Bishops should be so constituted for the governing
of dioceses that the good of the Lord's flock is always the supreme
consideration. Rightly to achieve this goal, auxiliary bishops will frequently
be appointed because the diocesan bishop cannot personally fulfill all his
episcopal duties as the good of souls demands, either because of the vast extent
of the diocese or the great number of its inhabitants, or because of the special
nature of the apostolate or other reasons of a different nature. Sometimes, in
fact, a particular need requires that a coadjutor bishop be appointed to assist
the diocesan bishop. Coadjutor and auxiliary bishops should be granted those
faculties necessary for rendering their work more effective and safeguarding the
dignity proper to bishops. This, of course, should always be accomplished
without detriment to the unity of the diocesan administration and the authority
of the diocesan bishop.
Furthermore, coadjutor and auxiliary bishops, since they are called to share
part of the burden of the diocesan bishops, so should exercise their office that
they may proceed in all matters in single-minded agreement with him. In
addition, they should always show respect and reverence for the diocesan bishop
and he, in turn, should have a fraternal love for coadjutor and auxiliary
bishops and hold them in esteem.
26. To the extent that the good of souls demands, the diocesan bishop should
not hesitate to ask the competent authority for one or more auxiliaries who will
be appointed for the diocese without the right of succession.
If there is no provision for it in the letter of nomination, the diocesan
bishop is to appoint his auxiliary or auxiliaries as vicar generals or at least
as episcopal vicars. They shall be dependent upon his authority only and he may
wish to consult them in examining questions of major importance, especially of a
pastoral nature.
Unless competent authority has otherwise determined, the powers and faculties
which auxiliary bishops have by law do not cease when the office of the diocesan
bishop comes to an end. It is also desirable that when the See is vacant the
office of ruling the diocese-unless some serious reasons persuade
otherwise-should be committed to the auxiliary bishop or, when there are more
than one, to one of the auxiliaries.
A coadjutor bishop, appointed with the right of succession, must always be
named vicar general by the diocesan bishop. In particular cases the competent
authority can grant him even more extensive faculties.
In order to provide for the greatest possible present and future good of the
diocese, the diocesan bishop and his coadjutor should not fail to consult with
each other on matters of great importance.
2. The diocesan curia and commissions
27. The most important office in the diocesan curia is that of vicar general.
However, as often as the proper government of the diocese requires it, one or
more episcopal vicars can be named by the bishop. These automatically enjoy the
same authority which the common law grants the vicar general, but only for a
certain part of the diocese, or for a determined type of transaction or for the
faithful of a determined rite.
Among the collaborators of the bishop in the government of the diocese are
numbered those presbyters who constitute his senate, or council, such as the
cathedral chapter, the board of consultors or other committees according to the
circumstances or nature of various localities. These institutions, especially
the cathedral chapters, should be reorganized wherever necessary in keeping with
present day needs.
Priests and lay people who belong to the diocesan curia should realize that
they are making a helpful contribution to the pastoral ministry of the bishop.
The diocesan curia should be so organized that it is an appropriate
instrument for the bishop, not only for administering the diocese but also for
carrying out the works of the apostolate.
It is greatly desired that in each diocese a pastoral commission will be
established over which the diocesan bishop himself will preside and in which
specially chosen clergy, religious and lay people will participate. The duty of
this commission will be to investigate and weigh pastoral undertakings and to
formulate practical conclusions regarding them.
3. The diocesan clergy
28. All presbyters, both diocesan and religious, participate in and exercise
with the bishop the one priesthood of Christ and are thereby constituted prudent
cooperators of the episcopal order. In the care of souls, however, the first
place is held by diocesan priests who are incardinated or attached to a
particular church, for they have fully dedicated themselves in the service of
caring for a single portion of the Lord's flock. In consequence, they form one
presbytery and one family whose father is the bishop. In order to distribute
more equitably and properly the sacred ministries among his priests, the bishop
should possess a necessary freedom in bestowing offices and benefices.
Therefore, rights or privileges which in any way limit this freedom are to be
suppressed.
The relationships between the bishop and the diocesan priests should rest
most especially upon the bonds of supernatural charity so that the harmony of
the will of the priests with that of their bishop will render their pastoral
activity more fruitful. Wherefore, for the sake of greater service to souls, let
the bishop call the priests into dialogue, especially about pastoral matters.
This he should do not only on a given occasion but at regularly fixed intervals
insofar as this is possible.
Furthermore all diocesan priests should be united among themselves and so
should share a genuine concern for the spiritual welfare of the whole diocese.
They should also be mindful that the benefits they receive by reason of their
ecclesiastical office are closely bound up with their sacred work. Therefore
they should contribute generously, as the bishop may direct and as their means
permit, to the material needs of the diocese.
29. The closer collaborators of the bishop are those priests who are charged
with a pastoral office or apostolic organizations of a supra-parochial nature,
whether in a certain area of the diocese or among special groups of the faithful
or with respect to a specific kind of activity.
Priests assigned by the bishop to various works of the apostolate, whether in
schools or in other institutions or associations, contribute an exceedingly
valuable assistance. Those priests also who are engaged in supra-diocesan works
are commended to the special consideration of the bishop in whose diocese they
reside, for they perform outstanding works of the apostolate.
30. Pastors, however, are cooperators of the bishop in a very special way,
for as pastors in their own name they are entrusted with the care of souls in a
certain part of the diocese under the bishop's authority.
1.) In exercising this care of souls, pastors and their assistants should so
fulfill their duty of teaching, sanctifying and governing that the faithful and
the parish communities will truly realize that they are members both of the
diocese and of the universal Church. For this reason, they should collaborate
with other pastors and priests who exercise a pastoral office in the area (such
as vicars forane and deans), as well as with those engaged in works of a
supra-parochial nature. In this way the pastoral work in the diocese will be
unified and made more effective.
Moreover, the care of souls should always be infused with a missionary spirit
so that it reaches out as it should to everyone living within the parish
boundaries. If the pastor cannot contact certain groups of people, he should
seek the assistance of others, even laymen who can assist him in the apostolate.
To render the care of souls more efficacious, community life for
priests-especially those attached to the same parish-is highly recommended. This
way of living, while it encourages apostolic action, also affords an example of
charity and unity to the faithful.
2.) In the exercise of their teaching office it is the duty of pastors to
preach God's word to all the Christian people so that, rooted in faith, hope and
charity, they will grow in Christ, and as a Christian community bear witness to
that charity which the Lord commended.(17) It is also the duty of pastors to
bring the faithful to a full knowledge of the mystery of salvation through a
catechetical instruction which is consonant with each one's age. In imparting
this instruction they should seek not only the assistance of religious but also
the cooperation of the laity, establishing also the Confraternity of Christian
Doctrine.
In discharging their duty of sanctifying their people, pastors should see to
it that the celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is the center and
culmination of the whole life of the Christian community. They should labor
without stint that the faithful are nourished with spiritual food through the
devout and frequent reception of the Sacraments and through intelligent and
active participation in the Liturgy. Pastors should also be mindful of how much
the sacrament of Penance contributes to developing the Christian life and,
therefore, should always make themselves available to hear the confessions of
the faithful. If necessary, they should invite the assistance of priests who are
experienced in various languages.
In fulfilling their office as shepherd, pastors should take pains to know
their own flock. Since they are the servants of all the sheep, they should
encourage a full Christian life among the individual faithful and also in
families, in associations especially dedicated to the apostolate, and in the
whole parish community. Therefore, they should visit homes and schools to the
extent that their pastoral work demands. They should pay especial attention to
adolescents and youth. They should devote themselves with a paternal love to the
poor and the sick. They should have a particular concern for workingmen.
Finally, they should encourage the faithful to assist in the works of the
apostolate.
3.) Assistant pastors, as cooperators with the pastor, make under the
authority of the pastor an indispensable and active contribution to the pastoral
ministry. Therefore, there should always be fraternal association, mutual
charity and reverence between the pastor and his assistants. They should assist
one another with counsel, help and example, providing a united will and common
zeal in the service of the parish.
31. In forming a judgment on the suitability of a priest for the
administration of any parish the bishop should take into consideration not only
his knowledge of doctrine but also his piety, apostolic zeal and other gifts and
qualities which are necessary for the proper exercise of the care of souls.
Now the parish exists solely for the good of souls. Wherefore, the bishop
should be able to provide more easily and effectively for vacant pastorates. To
this end all rights whatsoever of presentation, nomination, reservation,
excepting the right of Religious-and where it exists, the law of concursus
whether general or particular-are to be suppressed.
Pastors should enjoy in their respective parishes that stability of office
which the good of souls demands. The distinction between removable and
irremovable pastors is to be abrogated and the procedure for transferring and
removing pastors is to be re-examined and simplified. In this way the bishop,
while observing natural and canonical equity, can better provide for the needs
of the good of souls.
Pastors who are unable to fulfill their office properly and fruitfully
because of the increasing burden of old age or some other serious reason are
urgently requested to tender their resignation voluntarily upon the invitation
of the bishop. The bishop should provide suitable support for those who have
resigned.
32. Finally, the same concern for souls should be the basis for determining
or reconsidering the erection or suppression of parishes and any other changes
of this kind which the bishop is empowered to undertake on his own authority.
4. Religious
33. (In all that follows with Religious are included also the members of
other institutes who profess the evangelical counsels.) All Religious have the
duty, each according to his proper vocation, of cooperating zealously and
diligently in building up and increasing the whole Mystical Body of Christ and
for the good of the particular churches.
It is their first duty to foster these objectives by prayer, works of penance
and the example of their own life for which this sacred synod strongly urges
them to increase their esteem and zeal. With due consideration for the character
proper to each religious community, they should also enter more vigorously into
the external works of the apostolate.
34. Religious priests are by consecration assumed into the responsibilities
of the presbyterate so as to become themselves the prudent cooperators of the
episcopal order. Today they can be of even greater help to bishops in view of
the greater needs of souls. Therefore, they can be said in a real sense to
belong to the clergy of the diocese inasmuch as they share in the care of souls
and in carrying out works of the apostolate under the authority of the prelates.
Other members of religious communities, both men and women, also belong in a
special way to the diocesan family and offer great assistance to the sacred
hierarchy. With the increasing demands of the apostolate they can and should
offer that assistance even more and more.
35. In order that the works of the apostolate be carried out harmoniously in
individual dioceses and that the unity of diocesan discipline be preserved
intact, these principles are established as fundamental:
1.) All Religious should always look upon the bishops, as upon successors of
the Apostles, with devoted respect and reverence. Whenever they are legitimately
called upon to undertake works of the apostolate, they are obliged to discharge
their duties as active and obedient helpers of the bishops.(18) Indeed,
Religious should consider it an honor to respond promptly and faithfully to the
requests and desires of the bishops and in such a way they may assume an even
more ample role in the ministry of human salvation. This they should do with due
respect for the character of their institute and in keeping with their
constitutions which, if needs be, should be accommodated to this goal in accord
with the principles of this conciliar decree.
Especially in view of the urgent need of souls and the scarcity of diocesan
clergy, Religious communities which the not dedicated exclusively to the
contemplative life can be called upon by the bishops to assist in various
pastoral ministries. They should, however, keep in mind the particular character
of each community. Superiors should encourage this work to the utmost, by
accepting parishes, even on a temporary basis.
2.) Religious engaged in the active apostolate, however, must always be
imbued with the spirit of their Religious community, and remain faithful to the
observance of their rule and spirit of submissiveness due to their own
superiors. Bishops should not neglect to impress this obligation upon them.
3. ) The institute of exemption, by which Religious are called to the service
of the supreme pontiff or other ecclesiastical authority and withdrawn from the
jurisdiction of bishops, refers chiefly to the internal order of their
communities so that in them all things may be properly coordinated and the
growth and perfection of the Religious common life promoted.(19) These
communities are also exempt so that the supreme pontiff can dispose of them for
the good of the universal Church(20) and any other competent authority for the
good of the churches under its own jurisdiction.
This exemption, however, does not exclude Religious in individual dioceses
from the jurisdiction of bishops in accordance with the norm of law, insofar as
the performance of their pastoral office and the right ordering of the care of
souls requires.(21)
4.) All Religious, exempt and non-exempt, are subject to the authority of the
local Ordinaries in those things which pertain to the public exercise of divine
worship-except where differences in rites are concerned-the care of souls, the
sacred preaching intended for the people, the religious and moral education of
the Christian faithful, especially of the children, catechetical instruction and
liturgical formation. They are subject to the local Ordinary also in what
pertains to the decorum proper to the clerical state as well as in the various
works which concern the exercise of the sacred apostolate. Catholic schools
conducted by Religious are also subject to the authority of the local Ordinaries
for purposes of general policy- making and vigilance, but the right of Religious
to direct them remains intact. Religious also are bound to observe all those
things which councils or conferences of bishops shall legitimately prescribe for
observance by all.
5.) A well-ordered cooperation is to be encouraged between various religious
communities and between them and the diocesan clergy. There should also be a
very close coordination of all apostolic works and activities which especially
depend upon a supernatural attitude of hearts and minds, rooted in and founded
upon charity. The Apostolic See is competent to supervise this coordination for
the universal Church; sacred pastors are competent in their own respective
dioceses: and patriarchal synods and episcopal conferences in their own
territory.
For those works of the apostolate which Religious are to undertake, bishops
or episcopal conferences, religious superiors or conferences of major religious
superiors should take action only after mutual consultations.
6. ) In order to foster harmonious and fruitful mutual relations between
bishops and religious, at stated times and as often as it is deemed opportune,
bishops and religious superiors should meet to discuss those affairs which
pertain to the apostolate in their territory.
CHAPTER III
CONCERNING BISHOPS COOPERATING FOR THE COMMON GOOD OF MANY CHURCHES
I. Synods, Councils and especially Episcopal Conferences
36. From the very first centuries of the Church bishops, as rulers of
individual churches, were deeply moved by the communion of fraternal charity and
zeal for the universal mission entrusted to the Apostles. And so they pooled
their abilities and their wills for the common good and for the welfare of the
individual churches. Thus came into being synods, provincial councils and
plenary councils in which bishops established for various churches the way to be
followed in teaching the truths of faith and ordering ecclesiastical discipline.
This sacred ecumenical synod earnestly desires that the venerable institution
of synods and councils flourish with fresh vigor. In such a way faith will be
deepened and discipline preserved more fittingly and efficaciously in the
various churches, as the needs of the times require.
37. In these days especially bishops frequently are unable to fulfill their
office effectively and fruitfully unless they develop a common effort involving
constant growth in harmony and closeness of ties with other bishops. Episcopal
conferences already established in many nations-have furnished outstanding
proofs of a more fruitful apostolate. Therefore, this sacred synod considers it
to be supremely fitting that everywhere bishops belonging to the same nation or
region form an association which would meet at fixed times. Thus, when the
insights of prudence and experience have been shared and views exchanged, there
will emerge a holy union of energies in the service of the common good of the
churches.
Wherefore, this sacred synod decrees the following concerning episcopal
conferences:
38. 1.) An episcopal conference is, as it were, a council in which the
bishops of a given nation or territory jointly exercise their pastoral office to
promote the greater good which the Church offers mankind, especially through the
forms and methods of the apostolate fittingly adapted to the circumstances of
the age.
2. ) Members of the episcopal conference are all local Ordinaries of every
rite-excluding vicar generals-and coadjutors, auxiliaries and other titular
bishops who perform a special work entrusted to them by the Apostolic See or the
episcopal conferences. Other titular bishops, legates of the Roman pontiff,
because of their exceptional office in the territory are not de iure members of
the conferences. Local Ordinaries and coadjutors hold a deliberative vote.
Auxiliaries and other bishops who have a right to attend the conference will
hold either a deliberative or a consultative vote, as the statutes of the
conference determine.
3.) Each episcopal conference is to draft its own statutes for recognition by
the Apostolic See. In these statutes, among other things, offices should be
established which will aid in achieving its purpose more efficaciously, for
example, a permanent board of bishops, episcopal commissions and a general
secretariat.
4.) Decisions of the episcopal conference, provided they have been approved
legitimately and by the votes of at least two-thirds of the prelates who have a
deliberative vote in the conference, and have been recognized by the Apostolic
See, are to have juridically binding force only in those cases prescribed by the
common law or determined by a special mandate of the Apostolic See, given either
spontaneously or in response to a petition of the conference itself.
5.) Wherever special circumstances require and with the approbation of the
Apostolic See, bishops of many nations can establish a single conference.
Communications between episcopal conferences of different nations should be
especially encouraged in order to promote and safeguard the common good.
6.) It is highly recommended that the prelates of the Oriental Churches,
promoting the discipline of their own churches in synods and efficaciously
fostering works for the good of religion, should take into account also the
common good of the whole territory where many churches of different rites exist.
They should exchange views at inter-ritual meetings in keeping with norms to be
given by the competent authority.
II. The. Boundaries of Ecclesiastical Provinces and the Erection of
Ecclesiastical Regions
39. The good of souls requires fitting boundaries not only for dioceses but
also for ecclesiastical provinces; indeed it sometimes counsels the
establishment of new ecclesiastical regions. Thus the needs of the apostolate
will be better met in keeping with social and local circumstances. Thus, too,
the relationships of the bishops with each other and with their metropolitans,
and with other bishops of the same nation and even between bishops and civil
authorities will be rendered easier and more fruitful.
40. Therefore, in order to accomplish these aims this sacred synod decrees as
follows:
- ) The boundaries of ecclesiastical provinces are to be submitted to an early
review and the rights and privileges of metropolitans are to be defined by new
and suitable norms.
- ) As a general rule all dioceses and other territorial divisions that are by
law equivalent to dioceses should be attached to an ecclesiastical province.
Therefore dioceses which are now directly subject to the Apostolic See and which
are not united to any other are either to be brought together to form a new
ecclesiastical province, if that be possible, or else attached to that province
which is nearer or more convenient. They are to be made subject to the
metropolitan jurisdiction of the bishop, in keeping with the norms of the common
law.
- ) Wherever advantageous, ecclesiastical provinces should be grouped into
ecclesiastical regions for the structure of which juridical provision is to be
made.
41. It is fitting that the competent episcopal conferences examine the
question of boundaries of such provinces and the establishment of regions in
keeping with the norms given with respect to diocesan boundaries in numbers
23-24. They are then to submit their suggestions and desires to the Apostolic
See.
III. Bishops Having an Inter-Diocesan Office
42. Since pastoral needs require more and more that some pastoral
undertakings be directed and carried forward as joint projects, it is fitting
that certain offices be created for the service of all or many dioceses of a
determined region or nation. These offices can be filled by bishops.
This sacred synod recommends that between the prelates or bishops serving in
these offices and the diocesan bishops and the episcopal conferences, there
exist always fraternal association and harmonious cooperation in the expression
of pastoral concern.
These relationships should also be clearly defined by common law.
43. Since, because of the unique conditions of their way of life, the
spiritual care of military personnel requires special consideration, there
should be established in every nation, if possible, a military vicariate. Both
the military vicar and the chaplains should devote themselves unsparingly to
this difficult work in complete cooperation with the diocesan bishops.(1)
Diocesan bishops should release to the military vicar a sufficient number of
priests who are qualified for this serious work. At the same time they should
promote all endeavors which will improve the spiritual welfare of military
personnel.(2)
GENERAL DIRECTIVE
44. This sacred synod prescribes that in the revision of the code of canon
law suitable laws be drawn up in keeping with the principles stated in this
decree. Due consideration should also be given the observations made by the
commissions and the council Fathers.
This sacred synod also prescribes that general directories be prepared
treating of the care of souls for the use of both bishops and pastors. Thus they
will be provided with certain methods which will help them to discharge their
own pastoral office with greater ease and effectiveness.
There should be prepared also a particular directory concerning the pastoral
care of special groups of the faithful as the different circumstances of
individual nations or regions require. Another directory should be composed
concerning the catechetical instruction of the Christian people; this directory
will consider the fundamental principles of such instruction, its disposition
and the composition of books on the subject. In preparing these directories,
special attention should be given to the views which have been expressed both by
the commissions and the council Fathers.
NOTES
Preface
1. cf. Matt. 1:21.
2. cf. John 20:21.
3. cf. First Vatican Council, fourth session, part 1 of Dogmatic Constitution
on the Church of Christ, c. 3, Denz. 1828 (3061).
4. cf. First Vatican Council, fourth session, Introduction to Dogmatic
Constitution on the Church of Christ, Denz. 1821 (3050).
5. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 3,
nos. 21, 24 and 25: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 24-25, 29-31.
6. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 3,
no. 21: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 24-25.
7. cf. John XXIII's apostolic constitution, Humanae Salutis, Dec. 25, 1961:
A.A.S. 54 (1962) p. 6.
Chapter I
1. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 3,
no. 22: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 25-27.
2. ibid.
3. ibid.
4. ibid.
5. cf. Paul VI's motu proprio, Apostolica Sollicitudo, Sept. 15, 1965.
6. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 3,
no. 23: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 27-28.
7. cf. Pius XII's encyclical letter, Fidei Donum, April 21, 1957: A.A.S. 49
(1957) p. 27 ff.; also cf. Benedict XV's apostolic letter, Maximum Illud, Nov.
30, 1919: A.A.S. 11 (1919) p. 440; Pius XI's encyclical letter, Rerum Ecclesiae,
Feb. 28, 1926: A.A.S. 18 (1926) p.68.
8. cf. Paul VI's allocution to the cardinals, prelates and various officials
of the Roman curia, Sept. 21, 1963: A.A.S. 55 (1963) p. 793 ff.
Chapter II
1. cf. Second Vatican Council, Decree on Eastern Catholic Churches, Nov. 21,
1964, nos. 7-11 A.A.S. 57 (1965) p. 29 ff.
2. cf. Council of Trent, fifth session, Decree De Reform., c. 2, Mansi 33,
30: 24th session, Decree De Reform., c. Mansi 33, 159 [cf. Second Vatican
Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church. chap. 3, no. 25: A.A.S. 57 (1965)
p. 29 ff.]
3. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 3,
no. 25: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 29-31.
4. cf. John XXIII's encyclical letter, Pacem in Terris, April 11, 1963,
passim: A.A.S. 55 (1963) pp. 257-304.
5. cf. Paul VI's encyclical letter, Ecclesiam Suam, April 6, 1964: A.A.S. 56
(1964) p. 639.
6. cf. Paul VI's encyclical letter, Ecclesiam Suam, April 6, 1964: A.A.S. 56
(1964) pp. 644-645.
7. cf. Second Vatican Council, Decree on Communications Media, Dec. 4, 1963:
A.A.S. 56 (1964) pp. 145-153.
8. cf. Second Vatican Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, Dec. 4,
1963: A.A.S. 56 (1964) p. 97 ff; Paul VI's motu proprio, Sacram Liturgiam, Jan.
25, 1964: A.A.S. 56 (1964) p. 139 ff.
9.Pius XII's encyclical letter, Mediator Dei, Nov. 20, 1947: A.A.S. 39 (1947)
p. 97 ff.; Paul VI's encyclical letter, Mysterium Fidei, Sept. 3, 1965.
10. cf. Acts 1:14 and 2:46.
11. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 6,
nos. 44 and 45: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 50-52.
12. cf. Luke 22:26-27.
13. cf. John 15:15.
14. cf. Second Vatican Council, Decree on Ecumenism, Nov. 21 1964: A.A.S. 57
(1965) pp. 90-107.
15. cf. St. Pius X's motu proprio, Iampridem, March 19, 1914: A.A.S. 6 (1914)
p. 174 ff.; Pius XII's apostolic constitution, Exul Familia, Aug. 1, 1952:
A.A.S. 54 (1952) p. 652 ff.; Leges Operis Apostolatus Maris, compiled under the
authority of Pius XII Nov. 21, 1957: A.A.S. 50 (1958) p. 375 ff.
16. cf. Second Vatican Council, Decree on Eastern Catholic Churches, Nov. 21,
1964, no. 4: A.A.S. 57 (1965) p. 77.
17. cf. John 13:35.
18. cf. Pius XII's allocution of Dec. 8, 1950: A.A.S. 43 (1951) p. 28; also
cf. Paul VI's allocution of May 23, 1964: A.A.S. 56 (1964) p. 571.
19. cf. Leo XIII's apostolic constitution, Romanos Pontifices, May 8, 1881:
Acta Leonis XIII, vol. 2, 1882, p. 234.
20. cf. Paul VI's allocution of May 23, 1964: A.A.S. 56 (1965) pp. 570-571.
21. cf. Pius XII's allocution of Dec. 8, 1950, 1. c.
CHAPTER III
1. cf. Consistorial Congregation's Instruction to Military Ordinariates,
April 23, 1951: A.A.S. 43 (1951) pp. 562-565; Formula Regarding the Conferring
of the Status of Military Ordinariates, Oct. 20, 1956: A.A.S. 49 (1957) pp.
150-163; Decree on Ad Limina Visits of Military Ordinariates, Feb. 28, 1959:
A.A.S. 51 (1959) pp. 272-274; Decree on the Granting of Faculties for
Confessions to Military Chaplains, Nov. 27, 1960: A.A.S. 53 (1961) pp. 49-50.
Also cf. Congregation of Religious' Instruction on Religious Military Chaplains,
Feb. 2, 1955: A.A.S. 47 (1955) pp. 93-97.
2. cf. Consistorial Congregation's letter to the cardinals, archbishops and
bishops of Spanish-speaking nations, June 27, 1951: A.A.S. 43 (1951) p. 566.
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